本文是一篇EI/SCI论文代写，基于作者提到的这些局限性，研究者在未来的研究中可以将更多的注意力集中在以下几个维度：建立网络新词的动态循环语料库。研究人员可以收集网民的言论，并将其放入动态微博语料库中，这将为在线词汇的研究提供极大的便利。更重要的是，学者们可以进行更多的跨语言语言语言类型学研究，因为“狗”和“威”结构中的许多网络新词或多或少都与“狗”如“幸运狗”和“微”如“微计算机”、“微波”、“微软”等有关。汉语和英语中新兴词缀的异同值得我们进一步研究，对其他语言也有必要和值得进一步研究。
CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research background
An army of newly-developing word clusters, such as ―-gou3‖, ―-nan2‖, ―bei4-‖ and ―luo3-‖, has sprung up in the latest two decades with the popularity of computers and network. The author finds that there are many similarities among these lexical morphemes. They develop from either one constituent of complex words or free lexemes, appearing in a fixed position with a certain meaning in a large number of complex words and their meanings underdo a shift, deserving researchers‘ attention. As more and more words of the same type are created and used, their form and meaning gradually emerges. Therefore, this thesis adopts ―emerging affixes‖ (Shao 2015:5) to define these lexical morphemes. For example, in the following sentences:
(a) 博三毕业狗一只，科研狗到底如何才能不再是单身狗？ (b) 大龄程序狗闲的蛋疼的感情问题。 (c) 微监督，微传播，微互动，微时代已经到临。 (d) 微信公众平台的微网站怎么制作?
The research targets in this thesis are new cyber words such as ―bi4ye4gou3‖ in (a) and ―wei1jian1du1‖ in (c). There are some differences among these words albeit with many similarities. The quasi-affix ―gou3‖ in the ―-gou3‖ construction evolves from a free lexeme, which can be used independently like a free word and it is also able to appear as a constituent at the end of many derivational words. In former literature, ―gou3‖ is called ―quasi-affix‖. Though the meaning of ―gou3‖ in the ―-gou3‖ construction has bleached, it still has some connection with its original word by way of metaphor or metonymy. However, the secreted constituent ―wei1‖ in ―wei1-‖ construction stems from an indivisible part of compounds, which means it is bound and cannot be used freely. In new cyber words ―wei1-‖, ―wei1‖ is a meaningless syllable, whose connection with the original meaning is lost. However, the author finds that ―wei1‖ in ―wei1-‖ acts as a morpheme connected with ―Weibo‖. People regard it as prefix mistakenly for they separate it from ―Weibo‖ and entitle it the meaning connected with ―Weibo‖. In this thesis, ―wei1‖ is coined ‗secreted affix‘ (Jespersen 1922:384-388; Shao 2015:26; Wang 2005:31).
1.2 Research significance
From the above statement, the author will focus on ―-gou3‖ and ―wei1-‖, the two representatives of emerging affixes in Modern Chinese to have the exploration of their internal word-formation in a new theoretical framework- Booij‘s Construction Morphology. This paper tries to present a new way to tackle the debated issues on the blurry boundary between derivations and compounds in Chinese and then analyzes their cognitive mechanisms under Construction Grammar. The significance of this study can be listed out as follows:
Firstly, the author hopes it will contribute to a better understanding of a ―mistreated‖ category of word formation in Modern Chinese and the description as well as the prediction of new emerging affixes in the future. This paper observes the internal word formation of two kinds of emerging affixes and summarizes their features by comparing two emerging affixes, ―-gou3‖, a typical quasi-suffix, and ―wei1-‖, a typical secreted prefix, with their original words.
Secondly, by adopting the theoretical framework-Construction Morphology on Modern Chinese, the author hopes that this study can enrich its analysis of Chinese facts, and contribute to offering a new way to interpret the internal structure of new cyber words in Chinese.
Thirdly, this study conduces to the studies on the application of Construction Grammar on lexical morphemes in Modern Chinese. Being affected by Structural Linguistics, linguists at home consequently do not attach enough importance to the morphological study of Chinese (An and Cheng 2017). The thesis will enrich the application of Construction Grammar in Chinese vocabularies.
Fourthly, the author hopes that this thesis can provide some enlightenment of the updating of entries about new cyber words in the dictionaries and conduce to the spread of Chinese cyber language, especially those neologies in Chinese.
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIE
2.1 Previous studies on quasi-affix and secreted affix
2.1.1 Research on quasi-affix
Affixes are made up of prefix, postfix and infix based on their positions with roots. Recently, a controversial issue is whether those lexical morphemes conveying specific meanings in a fixed position of a large quantity of complex words should be treated as derivational affixes or compound constituents. Lü (1979) regards them as quasi-affixes. Booij (2005:114) defines quasi-affixes as ‗morphemes which look like part of compounds and do occur as lexemes, but have a specific and more constricted meaning when used as a part of compound.‘
2.1.1.1 Research on quasi-affix from the approach to morpheme-based morphology
Morpheme-based morphology includes Traditional Morphology and Distributed Morphology. In this approach, morphological analysis is conceived of as the ‗syntax of morphemes‘ (Booij 2010a:1). A derivational process often involves an affix, mostly a prefix or a suffix and it is universally accepted that derivation is a morphological process when a new word is created based on the existing one. However, compounding is broadly understood as ‗the combination of two or more lexical morphemes, which is by far the most common word formation device in modern language‘ (Arcodia 2018:219).
Research about quasi-affix based on morpheme as its formation unit in Chinese mainly focuses on the following aspects: names of the terminology, their criteria and characteristics and a small fraction of studies on formation mechanisms such as metaphor, metonymy and prototype theory.
2.2 Previous linguistic studies on “-gou3” and “wei1-”
Based on what the author researches in the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI for short), the author finds out there are very few linguistic studies on them, and then the author will conduct a review of previous linguistic studies on ―-gou3‖ and ―wei1-‖ from three approaches: pragmatic, social linguistic approach and cognitive linguistic approach.
2.2.1 Previous linguistic studies on “-gou3”
New cyber words ―gou3-‖ have become an open word cluster. Wan (2016) claims that their meanings are not only different from those ―gou3-‖ referring to animals but also the ―-gou3‖ solidified from literal allusions, such as ―zou3gou3‖ and ―luo4shui3gou3‖. She holds the idea that new cyber words ―-gou3‖ are more likely to stand for those people in a state or with some hobby. However, compared with the quasi-affixes ―zi0‖, ―yuan2‖ and ―tou2‖, she thinks that ―gou3‖ remains part of features of dogs and possesses a hint of emotional color. Wan only summarizes a kind of semantic meaning of ―-gou3‖ construction possibly due to the limited data.
She also discusses the formation process of quasi-affix ―-gou3‖ and states its reasons for popularity from two aspects: the conventionalization of its structure and humor communicative effects. She further points out there are three periods about the changes of emotional colors about ―-gou3‖: negative-neutral-positive and discusses reasons from the generalization of ―gou3‖, the change of its roles in people‘s daily life and the influence of foreign cultures. She thinks that people use ―gou3‖ to refer to themselves in order to achieve a humor and polite communicative effect.
CHAPTER THREE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................... 17
3.1 Morphology and Construction Grammar ..................... 17
3.2 Construction Morphology ...................................... 20
3.3 Properties of Construction Morphology .......................... 21
CHAPTER FOUR RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................. 25
4.1 Data source ............................... 25
4.2 Data collection .................................. 27
4.3 Summary ........................................ 28
CHAPTER FIVE A CONSTRUCTION MORPHOLOGY STUDY OF ―-GOU3‖ AND ―WEI1-‖ ..30
5.1 A Construction Morphology analysis of ―-gou3‖ word cluster ..................... 30
5.1.1 Classifications of ―-gou3‖ word cluster ....................... 30
5.1.2 The meanings of ―-gou3‖ .................................. 32
CHAPTER FIVE A CONSTRUCTION MORPHOLOGY STUDY OF “-GOU3” AND “WEI1-”
5.1 A Construction Morphology analysis of “-gou3” word cluster
5.1.1 Classifications of “-gou3” word cluster
In order to keep a good grip on the syllabic structure and word class of new cyber words ―gou3‖, the author provides a preliminary statistical analysis of ―-gou3‖ word family after collecting the data from previous studies and Sougou.com.
This study observes that in ―-gou3‖ construction, most of them are ―disyllable plus gou3‖, accounting for over 83%, such as ―da4si4gou3‖, ―cheng2xu4gou3‖, ―ke1yan2gou3‖ and so on, which are in accord with the feature of disyllabification in Chinese. They are tri-syllabic words for the whole ―disyllable plus gou3‖, indicating that new cyber words in Modern Chinese, to some extent, are inclined to become tri-syllabification. Of course, a very small amount of them are ―monosyllable plus gou3‖, such as ―chang3gou3‖, ―yan2gou3‖ and ―tri-syllable plus gou3‖, such as ―yuan3guang1deng1gou3‖. The following table 5-1 is The Syllable Structure of ―-gou3‖ and for the detailed data, see Appendix C.
From the data collected, the variable in ―-gou3‖ word family is mainly Chinese characters, and the variable can also be made up of the mix of English and Chinese or number and English, which indicates that cyber words are all-embracing. Next, the other classification of ―-gou3‖ is done based on the word class of the variable in ―-gou3‖ word family as table 5-2 shows. The recorded word list of ―-gou3‖ will be seen in Appendix D.
CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSIONS
6.1 An overview of major findings
The author collects 164 ―-gou3‖ and 197 ―wei1-‖ from the instances of the previous literature and Sougou.com by making use of Python Reptile and Jieba (Chinese for ―to stutter‖) Chinese text segmentation. This study carries out a statistical analysis of the data collected and then describes construction schemas of the two typical emerging affixes-―-gou3‖ and ―wei1-‖ in Modern Chinese from a new perspective-Construction Morphology.
As far as the first question is concerned, by observing lots of new cyber words and reading many literatures about word-formation in Chinese, the author summarizes that emerging affixes in Modern Chinese covers two parts: quasi-affixes and secreted affixes and gives a relatively clear definition about their distinctive features. Quasi-affixes in Modern Chinese evolve from free words, which are able to be used independently. Moreover, their meaning is bleached by way of metaphor or metonymy. On the contrary, secreted affixes develop from loan-words of foreign language, either through phonetic adaptations or through direct translation of their meaning, and they are bound to the complex words. In new cyber words ―wei1-‖, ―wei1‖ is closely related with Weibo or Internet whose meaning has little obvious connections with the typical meanings in the dictionary. This new kind of meaning is entitled to most new cyber words of ―wei1-‖ as ―wei1-‖ word family is analogized.
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