本文是历史专业Essay范例，题目是“The History Of Canadian Immigration（加拿大移民史）”，加拿大移民的历史远非田园风光。与大多数加拿大人所珍视的神话相反，对移民的欢迎并不总是流露出对世界上受压迫、受压迫和流离失所者的同情。他们被带到这里来工作，加拿大不打算溺爱他们。他们从事着繁重的劳动:耕地、铺设铁路、采矿和伐木。他们有时会遭到排挤、庇护和剥削。
The History of Canadian Immigration is far from idyllic. Contrary to the myth cherished by most Canadians, immigrants were not always welcomed with an outpouring of compassion for the world’s downtrodden, oppressed and displaced. They were brought here to work and Canada was not about to coddle them. They toiled at back-breaking jobs ploughing farmland, laying railroad track, mining and cutting timber. They were sometimes shunned, patronized and exploited. (Malarek 1987)
“History repeats itself” goes the saying. Decades later, the situation is the same except that, I would say, immigrants are most welcomed now, particularly highly skilled ones. They come to Canada and the majority of them are still toiling at back-breaking jobs.
I decided to conduct this research after meeting many of my fellow co-workers who happened to be from my native homeland at my workplace (a call centre in Markham, Ontario) in the year 2005. I was a freshly landed immigrant, happy to have secured a “transit” job. I am using the term “transit” because I thought it was just a beginning, eventually I would land a job in my field(a teacher by profession, myself), but this hope was short lived. I was appalled to learn that people who were chief engineers, doctors, accountants … (the list is exhaustive) in Mauritius, had been working as call centre agents for the last 3-4 years at that same location.
2005年，在我工作的地方(安大略马卡姆的一个呼叫中心)，我遇到了许多碰巧来自我家乡的同事，于是我决定进行这项研究。我是一个新移民，很高兴有了一份“过境”工作。我之所以用“过渡”这个词，是因为我认为这只是一个开始，最终我将在我的领域找到一份工作(我自己是一名教师)，但这个希望是短暂的。我震惊地发现，毛里求斯的首席工程师、医生、会计师……(名单非常详尽)过去3-4年都在同一地点担任呼叫中心代理。
I wanted to inquire into the myth and the reality of this phenomenon as it became evident that high skilled immigrants from Mauritius are underemployed in the Canadian workforce. Is Canada indeed gaining from these brains or are they simply brain drains for the sending country? The myth of securing a white collar job in Canada is short lived by the reality of the Canadian job market or rather the Canadian immigration system. The “The 2008 Canadian immigrant labor market: Analysis of quality of employment” (Stats Can) shows that more than 1.1 million workers aged 25 to 54 who had a university degree were working in occupations whose normal requirements were at most a college education or apprenticeship. The share of immigrants with degrees who were over-qualified was particularly prevalent among university-educated immigrants who landed within five years before the survey.
Literature Review文献综述
“A hundred years from now, I don’t suppose people will care all that much whether we legalised marijuana or not. But decisions about who you let into Canada will decide the kind of country we have 100 years from now on.” Richard Tait, chairman of Canadian Immigration and Population study, Green paper 1975. (Knowles 2007)
“一百年后，我不认为人们会那么关心我们是否让大麻合法化。但是，你让谁进入加拿大的决定将决定100年后我们的国家会是什么样的。”理查德·泰特，加拿大移民和人口研究主席，1975年绿皮书。(诺尔斯2007年)
By the beginning of the 1980’s, Canada was considered one of the primary countries responsible for global brain drain. Already in 1976, 59% of it’s approximately 150 000 immigrants were from developing countries in Asia, the West Indies and Africa. The demographic characteristics indicated a predominance of young adults whose intended occupations reflected their high levels of education. (Tanner, p.35)
In an October 1999 speech, Elinor Caplan, the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration at that time consciously said: “Our goal is to make Canada a place for brain gain, not brain drain.”(Tanner, p.39)
The situation was alarming as studies showed that many of the well educated high-skilled immigrants from developing countries were working in low -salary jobs such as taxi-driving or marketers. Furthermore, 29% of male immigrants aged 25-44 who had arrived in Canada since 1991 were still unemployed. Canada has been extracting high cost immigrants from underdeveloped and developing countries, but simultaneously has not been able to optimally utilize the human capital invited to the country. It is clear that skills which are the basis for entry under the actual screening system, are being considered as mockery. (Tanner, p.39)
Point System重点系统
Canada actively seeks to recruit skilled workers from abroad. Immigrants must be highly educated and have broad based skills. Prospective migrants are selected through a point system that targets people less than 45 years old. It is clear therefore that the point system is in itself is categorising people according to their brains. Applicants are evaluated before migration on a number of human capital characteristics such as occupational skills, academic qualifications and money. Currently, 67 out of an available 100 points are required for an applicant to be successfully admitted. Educational credentials are awarded up to 25 points, official language knowledge is awarded up to 24 points, work experience is awarded up to 21 points, and the remaining 30 points are earned based on age, adaptability, and arranged employment (maximum 10 points each).(Li 2003)
加拿大积极寻求从国外招聘技术工人。移民必须受过高等教育，拥有广泛的基础技能。未来的移民是通过计分系统挑选出来的，该系统针对的是45岁以下的人。因此，很明显，积分系统本身就是根据人们的大脑对他们进行分类。在移民之前，申请人会被评估一些人力资本特征，如职业技能、学历和金钱。目前，在100分满分中，要想成功入学，需要67分。学历最高25分，官方语言知识最高24分，工作经验最高21分，其余30分根据年龄、适应能力、就业安排(各最高10分)获得。李(2003)
The Economic Class in Canada is designed to facilitate entry of skilled immigrants who are well prepared to adapt to Canada’s labour market and economy. Similarly, a study by Picot and Hou (2003) found that in spite of the purported opportunities created by the “knowledge-based economy,” having a university degree did not protect recent immigrants from the increased likelihood of being low-income, regardless of their field of study. Indeed, the largest difference in low-income rates between the Canadian-born and recent immigrants was among university graduates, particularly those with engineering applied science degrees. Skills discounting, which refers to the devaluation of foreign experience and credentials, is understood to have two main causes. First, employers likely have imperfect information on the migrant’s source country, especially as source countries shift from European to Asian and African. It is unrealistic for Canadian employers to know, or even take the steps required to determine, the quality of international educational institutions, the curriculum of those institutions’ academic programs, and the relevance to the Canadian labour market of the skills imparted to their graduates. In response to this uncertainty, Canadian employers may adopt a risk-averse strategy, giving preference to Canadian experience and accreditations.
There is evidence to suggest that there is considerable variance in the quality of foreign earned credentials (Sweetman 2004). In some cases, while the title of the foreign credential may be the same as one conferred in Canada, that foreign credential’s actual contribution to Canadian labour market productivity is significantly less. This discrepancy certainly warrants caution from Canadian employers as it results in shocking waste of talent. It is now widely spread and acknowledged in the world that Canada is doing a poor job by not recognizing the skills and the work experience of high skilled immigrants. Basran and Zong (1998) showed that many foreign trained immigrants in professional fields experienced downward mobility in Canada and that an overwhelming majority of respondents attributed their occupational disadvantage to the problem of foreign credential devaluation.
有证据表明，在外国获得的证书的质量上存在相当大的差异(斯威特曼2004年)。在某些情况下，虽然外国证书的头衔可能与在加拿大授予的相同，但外国证书对加拿大劳动力市场生产力的实际贡献要少得多。这种差异当然值得加拿大雇主注意，因为它导致了惊人的人才浪费。加拿大不承认高技能移民的技能和工作经验，这在世界上已经被广泛传播和承认。Basran and Zong(1998)表明，许多在专业领域受过外国培训的移民在加拿大经历了向下流动，绝大多数受访者将他们的职业劣势归因于外国文凭贬值的问题。
On one hand the point system favours professionals but on the other hand, overseas immigration officers do not point out the obstacles newcomers face in obtaining employment in their field of expertise. Mark Stolarik, a university of Ottawa history professor claims that immigration officers deliberately mislead professionals by not warning them against the closed stops of many Canadian professions, especially medicine. This drawback not only has serious implications within these immigrants community but it also affects the Canadian economy. According to the Conference Board of Canada, the frequent failure to recognise the qualifications of present day newcomers robs the economy of as much as $ 3.4 billion annually. (Knowles 2007).
In light of the above, a study of the career path of highly skilled immigrants who left prestigious positions in the Republic of Mauritius for Canada; thinking that the pastures are greener here than there is sought. The research will also consider the effect of this abnormality in the family and the damage to the health of the main applicant.
鉴于上述情况，对离开毛里求斯共和国的显赫职位前往加拿大的高技能移民的职业道路进行了研究;以为这里的牧场比别处更绿。研究还将考虑这种异常现象对家庭的影响以及对主要申请人健康的损害。
Research Question and Hypothesis.
My general research questions are:
Do highly skilled immigrants find employment in Canada that matches their skills?
If immigrants are underemployed, does this represent a “brain gain” for Canada?
Do highly skilled immigrants leave behind prestigious positions when immigrating to Canada?
How far is the point system of immigration responsible for the deceit among the Mauritian immigrants in Canada?
Is Canada injecting money in her economy by forcing highly skilled immigrants to re-certify themselves?
My more specific questions will be:
Why do Mauritians immigrate?
What are the pull and push factors involved?
What do you think will be the job prospects in your field?
What if the Canadian pasture is not as green as expected?
I hypothesize that high skilled immigrants from Mauritius are being duped by the point system in place to qualify as potential immigrant to Canada. Looking at their underemployment in the Canadian workforce, they seem to have been a brain drain for Mauritius rather than a brain drain to Canada.
Research Design and Method研究设计与方法
I will conduct my research as participant observer in employment agencies across the three metropolitan cities of Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. These are the cities where majority of Mauritian immigrants settle with their families. I will also be conducting targeted interviews among highly skilled professionals. It will be necessary to do a comparative research in order to get a better insight of what is happening across Canada, this will help to eliminate biases to some extent. By extending the study throughout these three cities, I will be able to determine if Mauritians settled elsewhere, other than Toronto, are being favoured based on their ethnicity and language ability. I will point out here that Mauritians are multi ethnic (Muslims, Hindus, Anglo-Saxons, Jewish, Chinese, Negroes and Tamils).They are all officially bilingual (English and French).Anglo-Saxons of French descent and Negroes choose Montreal as their new home because they are the most avid French speakers in Mauritius and they carry the hope of securing a job based on their qualifications due to that advantage.. I will want to know if these people are encountering the same problem as their counterparts in Toronto or Vancouver .I suppose they might be luckier since Montreal is French speaking.
我将作为参与者观察员在职业介绍所进行我的研究横跨三个大都市多伦多，蒙特利尔和温哥华。这些城市是大多数毛里求斯移民和他们的家人定居的地方。我还将对高技能专业人士进行有针对性的面试。为了更好地了解加拿大各地正在发生的事情，有必要进行比较研究，这将在一定程度上有助于消除偏见。通过将研究扩展到这三个城市，我将能够确定在多伦多以外的其他地方定居的毛里求斯人是否因其种族和语言能力而受到青睐。我要指出的是，毛里求斯人是多民族的(穆斯林、印度教徒、盎格鲁-撒克逊人、犹太人、中国人、黑人和泰米尔人)。它们都是官方双语(英语和法语)。盎格鲁-撒克逊人的法国后裔和黑人选择蒙特利尔作为他们的新家，因为他们是毛里求斯最热情的说法语的人，由于这一优势，他们希望凭借自己的资格获得一份工作。我想知道这些人是否和多伦多或温哥华的人遇到同样的问题，我想他们可能会更幸运，因为蒙特利尔是讲法语的。
My research will be cross-cultural as I will be studying 3 samples of each ethnic group in each city. The research will be divided into 2 groups: those who are already in Canada and those who are applying for immigration to Canada. For that latter part, I will travel to Mauritius and I will carry my research there for a period of 10 days. My study in itself will last 12 months.
To get samples, I will target areas inhabited by different ethnic groups. This will be made possible by attending the community worship places on Sundays. Once I get 1-2 people, I will proceed by snowballing; this method involves contacting other people through a first set of known people. I will advertise my research project in strategic areas such as in the vicinity of immigrant help centres and schools. These will not be necessary in Mauritius due to its size and the familiarity with the island.
I will consult the Citizenship and Immigration Canada and the Statistics Canada websites as well for a detailed analysis of high skilled immigrants’ employment.
Notebooks, audio and video recordings will be used during the entire process and a daily analysis will be done and recorded accordingly.
Ethical Considerations and Practical Problems伦理考量与实践问题
It goes without saying that ethics and piratical problems will be part and parcel of my research. I am speculating forward to raising painful memories amongst the immigrant groups, particularly those have had to sell all their assets back home to be able to afford the cost of immigration. I will point out that here that a family of four persons should have a minimum of $15000 Can (which approximately amounts to 450 000 Mauritian rupees, that is a considerable amount of money for the working class in Mauritius).In many a case, people either sell their property or borrow from others to afford the move, which is considered a matter of privilege that is not given to everybody. With this in mind, people might not want to go back home after realising that their degrees have no worth in Canada. How can they face their family and friends, what will they tell them and where will they live?
不用说，道德和海盗问题将是我研究的一部分。我推测这会在移民群体中引起痛苦的回忆，特别是那些不得不卖掉所有资产回家以支付移民费用的移民群体。这里我要指出的是，一个四口之家至少应该有15000美元的罐子(大约相当于45万毛里求斯卢比，这对毛里求斯的工人阶级来说是一笔相当大的钱)。在很多情况下，人们要么卖掉自己的房产，要么向别人借钱来支付搬家费用，这被认为是一种特权，并不是每个人都享有这种特权。考虑到这一点，人们可能不想在意识到自己的学位在加拿大毫无价值后回国。他们如何面对他们的家人和朋友，他们会告诉他们什么，他们会住在哪里?
Another problem could be the fear of being recognised on television through the documentary, they do not want people back home to learn about their condition through me. They will not be willing to be interviewed by a citizen of their country for that purpose. Shame will definitely act as a barrier between us. While some will repulse me, others will accept to talk to me and by so doing; they will pretend to be happy. They will not be eager to show their suffering to people of Mauritius ever since their arrival, they will probably be lying about their job status by pretending to be working in their field of origin. People do not want to become a laughing stock of others they have left back, particularly those who might have been jealous with their “big move”. So, they will definitely not want to speak about their frustration and deceit.
Gender discrimination is another factor that can influence my research negatively. Mauritians have the habit of underestimating the capabilities of women; therefore I will expect my respondents to either not talk to me at all or show superiority complex towards me. They might want to make me feel low.
Others, who like the anonymity of the big city, will not bother to come forward to introduce themselves to me or even worse to participate in a TV documentary.
On one hand the fact that I am a Mauritian too, might push me to over identification, in the sense that I might be tempted to share my subjects’ problems by intervening. I might become emotional on witnessing their situation. On the other hand, I might hesitate to tell future immigrants about the under employment problem endured by Mauritians in Canada. I will be ill treated. They will take for granted that I will be discouraging them from moving or they might say: “What are you doing there then?”
By not saying anything to them, will I not be unethical in my research? Considering the above points, I am sure to be biased in my research to an uncontrollable extent.
For the purpose of this research, I will hold all of my information like names of people, names of cities and any information of sensitive nature in strict confidence. Pseudonyms will be used .I will be the one video recording my subjects and I will make sure their face appears as scrambled on TV.I will even try to use technology to modify their voices. These conditions will be discussed with them beforehand and by so doing, I will be protecting the identity of my respondents.
为了本次研究的目的，我将严格保密我的所有信息，包括人名、城市名称和任何敏感性质的信息。我会使用假名，我将是唯一一个拍摄我的实验对象的视频，我会确保他们的脸在电视上以混乱的形式出现。我甚至会尝试用科技来改变他们的声音。这些条件将事先与他们讨论，这样做，我将保护我的受访者的身份。
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