Essay高分范文-全球化是否会增加脆弱性？本文是一篇由本站代写服务提供的高分essay范文，主要内容是讲述1989年达成的华盛顿共识是全球化的主要起点之一。它创造了自由贸易、资本市场自由化、市场放松管制、税收改革等。全球化不是最近才出现的现象。它始于15世纪，一些探险家如Christophe Colombes和其他许多人进行了各种航行，以寻找新的贸易路线。本篇essay提出全球化使世界得以发展，创造了一个相互联系的世界。自1960年左右全球化出现以来，许多研究者对其进行了定义。因此，全球化最广泛的定义是“社会各方面日益增长的相互联系和相互关联”。此外，本篇essay引用了研究人员Kegley和Raymond将全球化定义为“一系列正在扩大、深化和加速社会之间相互联系的过程”。因此，全球化涉及不同类型的联系，如国家和国家之间的经济联系、政治联系或文化联系。其主要驱动因素是政治/监管（自由贸易、世贸组织、关贸总协定）和技术（增加货物、资本和人员流动）。已经成立了各种组织来监管全球化，如世贸组织、联合国、世界银行和国际货币基金组织；北约秘书长罗伯逊勋爵说，一些峰会正在举行，如北大西洋公约组织峰会或联合国峰会等“全球化将使我们的社会更加富有创造力和繁荣，但也更加脆弱。技术和信息的快速传播提供了全新的生产方式，但也可能带来更多国家发展大规模杀伤性武器的幽灵。”为了解释和评估这一说法，本篇essay将首先描述全球化使不同国家富有创造力和繁荣的各种优势”。在essay第二部分中，将描述全球化所隐含的不同负面影响，全球化使我们的社会处于不安全和脆弱之中。以下内容就是这篇Essay高分范文，共参考。
“Globalisation will make our societies more creative and prosperous, but also more vulnerable.’ Lord Robertson (British politician) Explain and assess this statement.“全球化将使我们的社会更加富有创造力和繁荣，但也更加脆弱。”罗伯逊勋爵（英国政治家）解释并评估这一说法。
The Washington consensus, made in 1989 is one of the main starting point of the globalization. It creates the free trade, capital market liberalization, deregulation of the market, tax reform, etc. (Barnett, Held, Henderson, & Casper 2013). The globalization is not a recent phenomenon. It started during the 15th century with the various voyages did by some explorer as Christophe Colombes and many others to find new trade routes (Osland, 2003). The globalization allows the world to develop and create an interconnected world. Many researchers have defined the globalization since its appearance around 1960. Thus, the most broad-ranging definition of globalisation is “the growing interconnectedness and interrelatedness of all aspects of society” (Jones, 2010). Moreover, the researchers Kegley and Raymond had defined the globalization as “a set of processes that are widening, deepening, and accelerating the interconnectedness among societies”. Thus, the globalization involves different types of connections, like economical connections, political or cultural, between nations and countries (Andreeska, 2015). Its main drivers are political/ regulatory (free trade, WTO, GATT), and technological (increase the flow of goods, capital, people) (Hamilton, & Webster, 2015). Various organizations had been created to regulate the globalization such as the WTO (World Trade Organisation), the UN (United Nations), World Bank and International Monetary Fund (Hill & Hernández-Requejo, 2012); and some summits are taking place like the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation summit or the UN summit and many others. The NATO Secretary General, Lord Robertson said “Globalisation will make our societies more creative and prosperous, but also more vulnerable. The rapid dissemination of technology and information offers entirely new ways of production, but it can also bring the spectre of more states developing weapons of mass destruction.” To explain and assess this statement, I will firstly will describe the various advantages of the globalization making the different countries creative and prosperous”. And in a second part, I will describe the different negatives effects implied by the globalization which made our societies in insecurity and vulnerable.
Firstly, many debates have taken place over the globalization and its positive and negative effects. The most important one is the “post-Washington consensus” debate explaining the fragility of policies concerning “liberalize trade and set price right” and concerning these recommendations which fail in many countries which do not have proper governance’s institution (Bigman, 2002). In general, in the debates, the proponents said that the globalization is an opportunity for economic growth and prosperity. Whereas, the opponents said that the globalization is more a threat to the environment, the culture et the prosperity of the countries (Osland, 2003). Many debates over the globalization are still present nowadays.
首先，本篇essay提出关于全球化及其积极和消极影响，人们进行了许多辩论。最重要的是“后华盛顿共识”辩论，解释了有关“贸易自由化和设定价格权”的政策的脆弱性，以及这些建议在许多没有适当治理机构的国家失败的问题。总的来说，在辩论中，支持者说全球化是经济增长和繁荣的机会。然而，反对者表示，全球化对环境、文化和国家繁荣的威胁更大。关于全球化的许多争论至今仍然存在。
The globalization brings many advantages for the nations and the countries over many aspects of the modern life. One of the main aspect of the globalisation is a worldwide market created thanks to the free trade. It allows to reduce various barriers such as tariffs barriers, but also to promote global economic growth and the ability for countries to create some agreements like South Korea Korus or NAFA (Collins, 2015). A worldwide market increases the access to more goods and services reducing prices (Osland, 2003), to new markets which can increase the profit of some societies, such as China with its rapidly growing market, and to new products such as the petrol in Saudi Arabia (Hamilton, & Webster, 2015). With a worldwide market, global companies obtain some production, marketing and research advantages thanks to the access of new goods, services, technologies, etc. (Roman, & Manolică, 2012). Thus, a worldwide market without barriers has many advantages such as a more efficient market, an acceleration of the transactions, an introduction of new markets and a stabilized security for foreign investment (Bran, 2015).
在现代生活的许多方面，全球化给国家和民族带来了许多好处。全球化的一个主要方面是由于自由贸易而创造了一个全球市场。它可以减少关税壁垒等各种壁垒，但也有助于促进全球经济增长和各国制定一些协议的能力，如韩国Korus或NAFA。全球市场增加了获得更多商品和服务的机会，降低了价格，进入了可以增加一些社会利润的新市场，如市场快速增长的中国，以及沙特阿拉伯的汽油等新产品。本篇essay认为凭借全球市场，全球公司通过获得新商品、服务、技术等获得了一些生产、营销和研究优势。因此，一个没有障碍的全球市场具有许多优势，如更高效的市场、加速交易、引入新市场和稳定的外国投资安全。
Another important aspect of the globalization is the economy growth. The globalization helps developing countries like Asian Tigers (Osland, 2003). Because the globalization allows them to have access to new technologies, education,and to increase their standards of living and their business environment (Roman, & Manolică, 2012). The expansion of the global economy gives them a certain economic prosperity that helps them to develop and be competitive with the developed countries (Baek, & Shi, 2016). For instance, a recent study for Economic Policy research showed that 30-40% of the world population has benefited from the globalization (Osland, 2003). However, one of the main factor of the economic growth of ancient developing countries is the expansion of capitalism, and sometimes when it is necessary the appearance and imposing of democracy (Bran, 2015). As in the video “Globalization is good”, Johan Norberg had demonstrated that in Vietnam or in Taiwan the globalization played an important role in the development of the country and in reducing the poverty giving some jobs and education (Álvarez, 2014).
本篇essay提出全球化的另一个重要方面是经济增长。全球化帮助了像亚洲之虎这样的发展中国家。因为全球化使他们能够获得新技术、教育，并提高生活水平和商业环境。全球经济的扩张给了他们一定的经济繁荣，帮助他们发展并与发达国家竞争。例如，最近一项经济政策研究表明，世界人口的30-40%受益于全球化。然而，古代发展中国家经济增长的主要因素之一是资本主义的扩张，有时在必要时民主的出现和实施。正如在“全球化是好的”视频中一样，Johan Norberg证明，在越南，全球化在国家发展和减少贫困方面发挥了重要作用，提供了一些工作和教育。
The globalization also contributes to increase the competitiveness and the creativity of our societies. With the creation of a worldwide market, competitors came from everywhere and not only from the national market, thus increasing the competition between the companies (Bran, 2015). Moreover, some economists emphasize that with trade liberalization, there are more efficient resources and cheap labour cost. Thus, companies are growing and more competitive (Bigman, 2002). Their growth allows them to get the economy of scale’s benefits with the cost’s reductions, allowing to maintain the competitiveness (Roman, & Manolică, 2012).
全球化也有助于提高我们社会的竞争力和创造力。随着全球市场的创建，竞争对手来自世界各地，而不仅仅是来自国内市场，从而加剧了公司之间的竞争。此外，一些经济学家强调，随着贸易自由化，有了更高效的资源和廉价的劳动力成本。因此，公司正在发展壮大，竞争更加激烈。它们的增长使它们能够在降低成本的同时获得规模经济效益，从而保持竞争力。
Furthermore, since the end of the World War II, societies saw major advances in communication and technology with internet creating a global audience (Hill & Hernández-Requejo, 2012). This global audience also created global competitor and the rapid technological change contributed to increase the economic performance of the countries to stay competitive. But the competition between companies also leads to this technological change (Roman, & Manolică, 2012). To stay competitive in a global market, societies specialized them and became more aware of the new technologies. Thus, they need to examine clearly the market and introduce advanced concepts (Kostovski, Nanevski & Gjurcevski, 2016). However, some transnational corporation as General Motors, Walmart or Siemens well understand this new global market. They control most of the world’s investment capital and technology creating them a prominent position. They perfectly understand the functioning of the global market and take advantage on it, for instance, delocalizing their production to developing countries where the labour cost is low (Steger, 2009). Thus, the globalization has many advantages making our societies creative and prosperous.
此外，自第二次世界大战结束以来，社会在通信和技术方面取得了重大进步，互联网创造了全球受众。这种全球受众也创造了全球竞争对手，快速的技术变革有助于提高各国的经济表现，以保持竞争力。但公司之间的竞争也导致了这种技术变革。为了在全球市场上保持竞争力，各社会将其专业化，并对新技术有了更多的了解。因此，他们需要清楚地审视市场并引入先进的概念。然而，一些跨国公司，如通用汽车、沃尔玛或西门子，非常了解这个新的全球市场。他们控制着世界上大部分的投资资本和技术，使他们处于突出地位。他们完全了解全球市场的运作，并利用它，例如，将生产转移到劳动力成本低的发展中国家。因此，全球化有许多好处，使我们的社会富有创造力和繁荣。
Secondly, the globalization has many disadvantages making our societies vulnerable. Many protests have taken place throughout the world like in Seattle, Washington, France or Indonesia (Bigman, 2002). The demonstration in 1999 in Seattle was aggressive and loud, bring 40 000 protesters together, to protest against wide range of globalization’s issues including job losses (Hill & Hernández-Requejo, 2012).
第二，全球化有许多不利因素，使我们的社会变得脆弱。世界各地都发生了许多抗议活动，如西雅图、华盛顿、法国或印度尼西亚。1999年在西雅图举行的示威活动声势浩大，聚集了4万名抗议者，抗议包括失业在内的一系列全球化问题。
The globalization makes our societies vulnerable and unsecured. Transworld connections have facilitated the emergence of criminal organizations and illegals economies, and the criminal violence’s increase (Bran, 2015). Indeed, the criminal violence kills three-quarter of a million people per year (Scholte, 2005). Globalization has created a context for criminal activities such as internet for fraudsters and paedophiles, and the global finance for money laundering. Moreover, the criminal networks evolved with the globalization, allowing the organized crime and the gang to be the largest beneficiary of the globalization. For example, the Colombia-based Cali cartel generates 3$ billion in benefits per year thanks to its network. Another example, the chain of global interconnections allowing the diffusion of the instant broadcast of Ben Laden’s speech to a global audience on September 11th (Steger, 2009). However, the globalization also helps to create new agencies and opportunities to combat crime such as Interpol (Scholte, 2005).
全球化使我们的社会变得脆弱和不安全。跨世界的联系促进了犯罪组织和非法经济的出现，以及犯罪暴力的增加。事实上，犯罪暴力每年造成25万人死亡。全球化为欺诈者和恋童癖者的互联网以及洗钱的全球金融等犯罪活动创造了背景。此外，犯罪网络随着全球化而发展，使有组织犯罪和团伙成为全球化的最大受益者。例如，总部位于哥伦比亚的卡利卡特尔凭借其网络每年产生30亿美元的利益。另一个例子是，全球互联链允许在9月11日向全球观众传播本·拉登演讲的即时广播。然而，全球化也有助于为打击犯罪创造新的机构和机会，例如国际刑警组织。
The globalization negatively affects the environment like global warming, pollution, deforestation, biodiversity reduction and oceans’ degradation (Osland, 2003). The increasing demand of products increases the finite resources’ use, and the pollution level due to the fossil fuel (Bran, 2015). Then, an abusive environment use has dangerous consequences like the rise of sea levels, the air contamination, the destruction of forests and lakes, and the natural resources’ reduction (Scholte, 2005). For instance, Asian cloud causes premature death, flooding and drought due to increased industrialization and globalization (Osland, 2003). However, political authorities created policies to reduce ecological threats like tax polluter, the promotion of environmentally friendly technologies, and the regulations’ use to control the pollution amount generated by business (Hamilton, & Webster, 2015). Moreover, some global summits on the environment have taken place like Stockholm (1972), Rio de Janeiro (1992), and Johannesburg (2002) to raise the environment problems’ awareness.
全球化对环境产生了负面影响，如全球变暖、污染、森林砍伐、生物多样性减少和海洋退化。产品需求的增加增加了有限资源的使用，以及化石燃料造成的污染水平。然后，滥用环境会产生危险的后果，如海平面上升、空气污染、森林和湖泊的破坏以及自然资源的减少。例如，由于工业化和全球化的加剧，亚洲褐云会导致过早死亡、洪水和干旱。然而，政治当局制定了减少生态威胁的政策，如对污染者征税、推广环保技术，以及使用法规控制企业产生的污染量。此外，斯德哥尔摩、里约热内卢和约翰内斯堡等一些全球环境峰会也举行了，以提高人们对环境问题的认识。
Then, the globalization also complicated the health problems due to the easier illness transfer worldwide like HIV/ AIDS which were spread by travellers (Collins, 2015). But it creates new health problems like tobacco, alcohol, asbestos, junk foods, and drugs. However, the globalization helps to find new medicine with the technology and allows the health professionals’ movement around the world (Scholte, 2005).
然后，由于艾滋病病毒/艾滋病等疾病在全球范围内更容易传播，全球化也使健康问题变得复杂。但它带来了新的健康问题，如烟草、酒精、石棉、垃圾食品和毒品。然而，全球化有助于用技术找到新药，并允许卫生专业人员在世界各地流动。
With the globalization, the business environment becomes more complex with the laws, regulations, cultures, etc. Companies must face global and local competitors. Inefficient organisations cannot survive to this high number of competitors like Lufthansa and France Telecom (Hamilton, & Webster, 2015). Furthermore, companies must adapt their products to different markets in terms of behaviour, tradition, expectation and attitude (Roman, & Manolică, 2012). The spread of technologies and knowledge makes the competition fierce and feared (Bhagwati, 2004). Moreover, the decreased labour conditions are consequences of the worldwide market creation. To stay competitive, companies relocated their industries (Bran, 2015). But these countries have usually low labour condition like child labour or under-payed jobs (Bigman, 2002). Moreover, these jobs outsourcing create job losses in developed countries (Osland, 2003). According to Robert Scoot of the Economic Policy Institute, China is the most favoured nation to relocated job with the relocation in China of 3,3 million jobs, including 2,4 million manufacturing jobs (Collins, 2015). All these problems are disadvantages of the globalization and make our societies vulnerable.
本篇essay指出随着全球化，商业环境变得越来越复杂，法律、法规、文化等也越来越复杂。公司必须面对全球和本地的竞争对手。低效的组织无法在汉莎航空和法国电信等众多竞争对手面前生存。此外，公司必须在行为、传统、期望和态度方面使其产品适应不同的市场。技术和知识的传播使竞争变得激烈和令人恐惧。此外，劳动力条件的下降是全球市场创造的结果。为了保持竞争力，公司重新部署了他们的行业。但这些国家的劳动条件通常很低，比如童工或工资过低的工作。此外，这些工作外包在发达国家造成了失业。根据经济政策研究所的Robert Scoot的数据，中国是最有利于搬迁的国家，中国有330万个工作岗位，其中包括240万个制造业工作岗位。所有这些问题都是全球化的不利因素，使我们的社会变得脆弱。
Finally, the globalization increases the poverty and the gap between rich and poor. In 1870, the world’s 17 richest nations had an average income per capital 2.4 times that all other country. In 1990, the same group was 4.5 times richer (Hill & Hernández-Requejo, 2012). This inequality is present in every country due to the gap between skilled and unskilled workers in wages and unemployment rates. Some countries reduced it like Singapore, South Korea, Ireland and Puerto Rico. But it is still present (Osland, 2003). This gap is caused by the developed countries’ monopole who direct the raw material price making the developing countries dependant on developed countries (Andreeska, 2015). Moreover, the GATT and the WTO benefits were not correctly distributed. Richer countries increased trades and their growth. Whereas, poor countries were marginalized and their economies shrank (Bigman, 2002), thus increasing the gap between poor and rich. This gap is due to the technological change (Baek, & Shi, 2016), the poor countries’ government which is usually totalitarian and not liberal, and their important debt burdens (Hill & Hernández-Requejo, 2012). All these various globalization’s disadvantages make our societies more vulnerable.
最后，Essay还提出全球化加剧了贫困和贫富差距。1870年，世界上最富有的17个国家的人均收入是其他国家的2.4倍。1990年，同一群体的财富是其他群体的4.5倍。由于熟练工人和非熟练工人在工资和失业率方面的差距，这种不平等现象在每个国家都存在。一些国家减少了它，如新加坡、韩国、爱尔兰和波多黎各。但它仍然存在。这种差距是由发达国家的垄断者造成的，他们指导原材料价格，使发展中国家依赖发达国家。此外，关贸总协定和世贸组织的利益没有得到正确分配。富裕国家增加了贸易和经济增长。然而，贫穷国家被边缘化，经济萎缩，从而加剧了贫富差距。这种差距是由于技术变革、通常是极权主义而非自由主义的贫穷国家政府及其重要的债务负担。所有这些全球化的种种不利因素使我们的社会更加脆弱。
To conclude, the globalization brings various positive and negative effects to the world and our societies. The main advantages of the globalization are the creation of a worldwide market and free trades increasing the competitivity and the creativity of the societies, the rapid technological changes, and the fact that globalization help to increase the economic growth of developing and developed countries. All these positives impacts make our societies and the world creative and prosperous. However, the globalization brings different negative impacts on the world. The main disadvantages of the globalization are the insecurity, the global environmental threats, the poverty, and the creation of a worldwide market involving a too high number of competitors and the deterioration of the labour conditions. Thus, all these positive and negative impacts make our societies creative and prosperous but also vulnerable, as Lord Robertson said. Moreover, the globalization has still many effects in the political, economic and social sector. At a social level, one of the main effect of the globalization is the uniformization of the cultures. The globalization reduces and destroys the ancient cultures and traditions. There is little by little an uniformization of cultures at a world level. For instance, in every country, the same big companies are present such as McDonalds, KFC, Zara and many others. Nay protestations have taken place over this problem.
总之，本篇essay总结到，全球化给世界和我们的社会带来了各种积极和消极的影响。全球化的主要优势是创造了一个世界性的市场和自由贸易，提高了社会的竞争力和创造力，技术的快速变化，以及全球化有助于促进发展中国家和发达国家的经济增长。所有这些积极影响使我们的社会和世界富有创造力和繁荣。然而，全球化给世界带来了不同的负面影响。全球化的主要不利因素是不安全、全球环境威胁、贫困、建立一个竞争对手人数过多的世界市场以及劳动力条件恶化。因此，正如罗伯逊勋爵所说，所有这些积极和消极的影响使我们的社会富有创造力和繁荣，但也很脆弱。此外，全球化在政治、经济和社会部门仍有许多影响。在社会层面上，全球化的主要影响之一是文化的统一。全球化减少和破坏了古老的文化和传统。在世界范围内，文化逐渐趋于统一。例如，在每个国家，都有同样的大公司，比如麦当劳、肯德基、Zara和许多其他公司。人们对这个问题表示反对。本站提供各国各专业essay格式范文，essay代写以及essay写作辅导，如有需要可咨询本平台。