数学作业范文:Finding Difference Between the Squares of any Two Natural Numbers

发布时间:2022-06-29 10:39:57 论文编辑:jingjing1009

     本文是数学作业范文的留学生作业范例,题目是“Finding Difference Between the Squares of any Two Natural Numbers(寻找任何两个自然数平方之间的差)”,本文试图确定用数字模式求任意两个自然数平方之差的一般性质和特殊性质。定义了考虑两个自然数平方差所形成的数列之间的菱形规则关系。在一些简单的例子中,还介绍了求a2 - b2的一种新方法。该方法有助于中学低年级学生识别和识别自然数的数字模式和平方。

  One of the basic arithmetic operations is finding squares and difference between squares of two natural numbers. Though there are various methods to find the difference between squares of two natural numbers, still there are scopes to find simplified and easy approaches. As the sequence formed using the difference between squares of two natural numbers follow a number patterns, using number patterns may facilitate more easy approach. Also, this sequence has some general properties which are already discussed by many mathematicians in different notations. Apart from these, the sequence has some special properties like sequence – difference property, difference – sum property, which helps to find the value easily. The sequence also has some relations that assist to form a number pattern.

  This paper tries to identify the general properties, special properties of finding difference between the squares of any two natural numbers using number patterns. A rhombus rule relationship between the sequences of numbers formed by considering the difference between squares of the two natural numbers has been defined. A new method to find a2 – b2 also has been introduced in some simple cases. This approach will help the secondary education lower grade students in identifying and recognizing number patterns and squares of natural numbers.

  Mathematical Subject Classifications: (2010) 11A25. 11A51. 40C99. 03F50

  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SQUARES OF TWO NATURAL NUMBERS RELATIONS, PROPERTIES AND NEW APPROACH

数学作业范文怎么写

  Introduction介绍

  Mathematics, a subject of problem solving skills and applications, has wide usage in all the fields. Basic skills of mathematical applications in number systems used even in day – to – day life. Though calculators and computers have greater influences in calculations, still there is a need to find new easy methods of calculations to improve personal intellectual skills.

  数学是一门解决问题的技能和应用的学科,在各个领域都有广泛的应用。掌握日常生活中常用的数字系统的基本数学应用技能。虽然计算器和计算机在计算方面有更大的影响,但仍然需要找到新的简单的计算方法来提高个人的智力技能。

  As there has been growing interest, in mathematics education, in teaching and learning, many mathematicians build simple and different methods, rules and relationships in various mathematical field. Though various investigations have made important contributions to mathematics development and education (2), there still room for new research to clarify the mutual relationship between the numbers and number patterns.

  In natural numbers, various subsets have been recognized by ancient mathematicians. Some are odd numbers, prime numbers, oblong numbers, triangular numbers and squares. These numbers shall be identified by number patterns. Recognizing number patterns is also an important problem-solving skill. Working with number patterns leads directly to the concept of functions in mathematics: a formal description of the relationships among different quantities.

  One of the basic arithmetic operations is finding squares and difference between squares of two natural numbers. Already many proofs and relationships were identified and proved in finding difference between squares of two natural numbers. We use different methods to find the difference between squares of two natural numbers. That is, to find a2 – b2. Though, this area of research may be discussed by early mathematicians and researchers in various aspects, still there are many interesting ways to discuss the same in teaching.

  Teaching number patterns in secondary level education is most important issue as the students develop their analytical and cognitive skills in this stage. Different arithmetic operations and calculations need to be introduced in such way that they help the students in lifelong learning. Easy and simplified approaches will support the students in logical reasoning.

  This paper tries to identify the general properties, special properties of finding difference between the squares of any two natural numbers using number patterns. Also, this paper tries to define the rhombus rule relationship between the sequences of numbers formed by the differences of squares of two natural numbers. A new method to find a2 – b2 also has been introduced in some simple cases.

  These may be introduced in secondary school early grades, before introducing algebraic techniques of finding a2 – b2 to develop the knowledge and understanding of number patterns. This will help to recognize and apply number patterns in further level.

  Literature Review文献综述

  To find the difference between the squares of any two natural numbers, we use different methods. Also, we use various rules to find the square of a natural number. Some properties were also been identified by the researchers and mathematicians.

  Methods used to find the difference between squares of two natural numbers

  Direct Method

  The difference between the squares of two natural numbers shall be found out by finding the squares of the numbers directly.

  为了求任意两个自然数的平方之差,我们使用不同的方法。此外,我们使用各种规则来求自然数的平方。研究人员和数学家也发现了一些性质。

  求两个自然数平方之差的方法

  直接法

  两个自然数平方和之差,可直接求其平方和求之。

  Example: 252 – 52 = 625 – 25 = 600

  Using algebraic rule

  The algebraic rule a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b) shall be applied to find the difference between the squares of two natural numbers.

  Example: 252 – 52 = (25 – 5)(25 + 5) = 20 x 30 = 600

  Method when a – b = 1(2)

  “The difference between the squares of every two consecutive natural numbers is always an odd number, and that it is equal to the sum of these numbers.”

  Example: 252 – 242 = 25 + 24 = 49

  Methods used to find the square of a natural number求自然数平方的方法

  Using Algebraic Method

  The algebraic rules shall be used to find the square of natural number other than the direct multiplication. In general, (a + b)2. (a – b)2 are used to find the squares of a natural number from nearest whole number.

  Example: 992 = (100 – 1)2

  = 1002 – 2(100)(1) + 12 = 10000 – 200 + 1

  = 9801

  Square of a number using previous number(8)

  The following rule may be applied to find the square of a number using previous number.

  (n + 1)2 = n2 + n + (n+1)

  Example: 312 = 302 + 30 + 31 = 900 + 30 + 31 = 961

  The Gilbreth Method of finding square(9)

  The Gilbreth method uses binomial theorem to find the square of a natural number. The rule is

  n2 = 100(n – 25) + (50 – n)2

  Example: 992 = 100(99 – 25) + (50 – 99)2

  = 7400 + 2401 = 9801

  Other than the above mentioned methods various methods are used based on the knowledge and requirements.

  Properties of differences between squares of the natural numbers自然数平方和之差的性质

  2.3.1. The difference between squares of any two consecutive natural numbers is always odd. To prove this property, let us consider two consecutive natural numbers, say 25 and 26

  Now let us find 262 – 252

  262 – 252 = (26 + 25)(26 – 25) [Using algebraic rule]

  = 51 x 1 = 51. an odd number

  2.3.2. The difference between squares of any two alternative natural numbers is always even.

  To prove this property, let us consider two alternative natural numbers, say 125 and 127

  Now let us find 1272 – 1252

  1272 – 1252 = (127 + 125)(127 – 125) [Using algebraic rule]

  = 252 x 2 = 504. an even number

  Some other properties were also identified and discussed by various mathematicians and researchers.

  Number Patterns and Difference Between the Squares of Two Natural Numbers – Discussions and Findings

  Some of the properties stated above shall be proved by using number pattern. Number patterns are interesting area of arithmetic that stimulates the logical reasoning. They shall be applied in various notations to identify the sequences and relations between the numbers.

数学作业范文

  3.1. Sample Table for the difference between squares of two natural numbers两个自然数平方差样本表

  To find the properties and relations that are satisfied by the sequences formed by the differences between the squares of two natural numbers, let us form a number pattern. For discussion purposes, let us consider first 10 natural numbers 1. 2. 3 … 10.

  Now, let us find the difference between two consecutive natural numbers.

  That is, 22 – 12 = 3; 32 – 22 = 5; and so on.

  Then the sequence will be as follows: 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17 and 19.

  The sequence is a set of odd numbers starting from 3.

  i.e., Difference 1: {x| x is an odd number greater than or equal to 3. x Î N}

  In the same way, let us form the sequence for the difference between squares of two alternative natural numbers.

  That is, 32 – 12 = 8. 42 – 22 = 12. and so on.

  Then the sequence will be: 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32 and 36

  Thus the sequence is a set of even numbers and multiples of 4 starting from 8.

  i.e., Difference 2: {x| x is an multiple of 4 greater than or equal to 8. x Î N}

  By proceeding this way, the sequences for other differences shall be formed.

  Let us represent the sequences in a table for discussion purposes.

  In Table 1. N is the natural number.

  S is the square of the corresponding natural number.

  D1 represents the difference between the squares of two consecutive natural numbers. That is, the difference between the numbers is 1.

  D2 represents the difference between the squares of two alternate natural numbers. That is, the difference between the numbers is 2.

  D3 represents the difference between the squares of 4th and 1st number. That is, the difference between the numbers is 3. and so on.

  3.2. Relationship between the row elements of each column每个列的行元素之间的关系

  Now, let us discuss the relationship between the elements of rows and columns of the table.

  From the above table,

  Column D1 shows that the difference between squares of two consecutive numbers is odd.

  Column D2 shows that the difference between squares of two alternate numbers is even.

  现在,让我们讨论表中行和列元素之间的关系。

  从上面的表格中,

  列D1表示两个连续数的平方之差为奇数。

  列D2表明两个交替数的平方之差为偶数。

  The other columns show that the difference between the squares of two numbers is either odd or even.

  From the above findings, the following properties shall be defined for the difference between squares of any two natural numbers.

  3.3. General Properties of the difference between squares of two natural numbers: 两个自然数平方差的一般性质:

  The difference between squares of any two consecutive natural numbers is always odd. Proof: Column D1 proves this property.

  This may also be tested randomly for big numbers.

  Let us consider two digit consecutive natural numbers, say 96 and 97.

  任何两个连续自然数的平方之差总是奇数。证明:列D1证明了这个性质。

  对于大数,这也可以进行随机测试。

  让我们考虑两个连续的自然数,例如96和97.

  Now, 972 – 962 = 9409 – 9216

  = 493. an odd number

  Let us consider three digit consecutive natural numbers, say 757 and 758.

  Thus, 7582 – 7572 = 574564 – 573049

  = 1515. an odd number

  This property may also be further tested for big numbers and proved. For example, let us consider five digit two consecutive natural numbers, say 15887 and 15888.

  Then, 158882 – 158872 = 252428544 – 252396769

  = 31775. an odd number

  Apart from these, the property shall also be easily derived by the natural numbers properties. As the difference between two consecutive numbers is 1. the natural number property “The sum of odd and even natural numbers is always odd”, shall be applied to prove this property.

  The difference between squares of any two alternative natural numbers is always even.

  Proof: Column D2 proves this property.

  This may also be verified for big numbers by considering different digit natural numbers as discussed above.

  Apart from this, as the difference between two alternate natural numbers is 2. the natural numbers property “A natural number said to be even if it is a multiple of two” shall also be used for proving the stated property.

  The difference between squares of any two natural numbers is either odd or even, depending upon the difference between the numbers.

  Proof: The other columns of Table 1 prove this property.

  In Table 1. as D3 represents the sequence formed by the difference between two natural numbers whose difference is 3. an odd number, the sequence is also odd. Thus, the property may be proved by testing the other Columns D4. D5. …

  Also, the addition, subtraction and multiplication properties of natural numbers prove this property.

  Example:

  112 – 62

  Here the difference (11 – 6 = 5) is odd.

  So, the result will be odd.

  i.e. 112 – 62 = 121 – 36 = 85. an odd number

  122 – 82

  Here the difference (12 – 8 = 4) is even.

  So, the result will be even.

  i.e. 122 – 82 = 144 – 64 = 80. an even number

  3.4. Special Properties of the difference between squares of the two natural numbers两个自然数平方之差的特殊性质

  Table 1 also facilitates to find some special properties stated below.

  Sequence Difference Property

  Table 1 shows that the sequences formed are following a number pattern with a common property between them. Let us consider the number sequences of each column.

  表1还有助于找到下面所述的一些特殊属性。

  序列的不同属性

  表1显示了所形成的序列遵循一个具有共同属性的数字模式。让我们考虑每一列的数字序列。

  Let us consider the first column D1 elements. D1: 3. 5. 7. 9. 11 … …

  As D1 represents the difference between the squares of two consecutive natural numbers, let us say, a and b with a > b, the difference between them will be 1.

  That is a – b = 1

  Let us consider the difference between the elements in the sequence.

  The difference between the numbers in the sequence is 2.

  Thus the difference between the elements of the sequence shall be expressed as, 2 x 1. Thus, Difference = 2(a – b)

  Now, let us consider the second column D2 elements. D2: 8. 12. 16. 26. … … …

  As D2 represents the difference between the squares of two alternative natural numbers, the difference between the natural numbers, say a and b is always 2. That is a – b = 2

  If we consider the difference between the elements in the sequence, the difference is 4.

  Thus, the difference between the elements in the sequence shall be expressed as 2 x 2.

  That is, difference = 2 (a – b)

  In the same way, D3: 15. 21. 27. 33. … … …

  D3 represents the difference between squares of the 4th and 1st numbers, difference is 3. That is a – b = 3

  The difference between the numbers in the sequence is 6.

  Thus, difference = 2 x 3 = 2(a – b)

  All other columns also show that the difference between the numbers in the corresponding sequence is 2 (a – b)

  Thus, this may be generalized as following property:

  “The difference between elements of the number sequence, formed by the difference between any two natural numbers, is equal to two times of the difference between those corresponding natural numbers.”

  Difference – Sum Property:

  From Table 1. we shall also identify another relationship between the elements of the sequence formed.

  Let us consider the columns from table 1 other than D1.

  Consider D2: 8. 12. 16. 20

  This sequence shall be formed by adding two numbers of Column D1.

  i.e. 8 = 3 + 5

  12 = 5 + 7

  16 = 7 + 9

  20 = 9 + 11

  And so on.

  Thus, if the difference between the natural numbers taken is 2. then the number sequence of the difference between the two natural numbers shall be formed by adding 2 natural numbers.

  Consider D3: 15. 21. 27

  This sequence shall be formed by adding three numbers from Column D1.

  i.e. 15 = 3 + 5 + 7

  21 = 5 + 7 + 9

  27 = 7 + 9 + 11

  And so on.

  Thus, if the difference between the natural numbers taken is 3. then the number sequence of the difference between the two natural numbers shall be formed by adding 3 natural numbers.

  This may also be verified with respect to the other columns.

  Table 2 shows the above relationship between the differences of the squares of the natural numbers.

  Now the above relation shall be generalized as

  “If a – b = k > 1. then a2 – b2 shall be written as the sum of ‘k’ natural numbers”

  As Column D1 elements are odd natural numbers, this property may be defined as

  “If a – b = k > 1. then a2 – b2 shall be written as the sum of ‘k’ odd natural numbers”

  As these odd numbers are consecutive, the property may be further precisely defined as:

  “If a – b = k > 1. then a2 – b2 shall be written as the sum of ‘k’ consecutive odd natural numbers”

  3.5. New Method to find the difference between squares of two natural numbers寻找两个自然数平方和之差的新方法

  Using the above difference – sum property, the difference between squares of two natural numbers shall be found as follows.

  The property shows that, a2 – b2 is equal to sum of ‘k’ consecutive odd numbers. Now, the principal idea is to find those ‘k’ consecutive odd numbers.

  Let us consider two natural numbers, say 7 and 10.

  The difference between them 10 – 7 = 3

  Thus, 102 – 72 = sum of three consecutive odd numbers.

  102 – 72 = 100 – 49 = 51

  Now, 51 = Sum of 3 consecutive odd numbers

  i.e., 51 = 15 + 17 + 19

  Let we try to find these 3 numbers with respect to either the first number, let us say, ‘a’ or the second number, say, ‘b’.

  Assume, for ‘b’

  As general form for odd numbers is either (2n + 1) or (2n – 1), as b < a, consider (2n + 1) form.

  15 = 2(7) + 1 = 2b + 1

  17 = 2(7) + 3 = 2b + 3

  19 = 2(7) + 5 = 2b + 5

  Thus, 102 – 72 shall be written as the sum of 3 consecutive odd numbers starting from 15.

  i.e. starting from 2b + 1

  This idea may also be applied for higher digit numbers. Let us consider two 3 digit numbers, 101 and 105. Let us find 1052 – 1012

  Here the difference is 4. Thus 1052 – 1012 shall be written as the sum of 4 consecutive odd numbers.

  The numbers shall be found as follows:

  Here b = 101

  The first odd number = 2b + 1 = 2(101) + 1 = 203

  Thus, the 4 consecutive odd numbers are: 203. 205. 207. 209

  So,

  1052 – 1012 = 203 + 205 + 207 + 209 = 824

  This shall be verified for any number of digits. Let us consider two 6 digit numbers 100519. 100521. Let us find 1005212 – 1005192

  Here the difference is 2. Thus 1005212 – 1005192 shall be written as the sum of two odd numbers.

  Applying the same idea,

  The first odd number = 2(100519) + 1 = 201039

  Thus the 2 consecutive odd numbers are: 201039. 201041

  1005212 – 1005192 = 201039 + 201041 = 402080

  The above result shall be verified by using other methods.

  For example: 1052 – 1012

  1052 – 1012 = 11025 – 10201 = 824 (Using Direct Method)

  1052 – 1012 = (105 + 101) (105 – 101) = 206 x 4 = 824 (Using Algebraic Rule)

  Thus, this idea shall be generalized as follows:

  “a2 – b2shall be found by adding the (a – b) consecutive odd numbers starting from 2b + 1”

  This shall also be found using the first term ‘a’. As a > b, let us consider (2n – 1) form of odd numbers.

  From Table 1. 102 – 62 = 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 64

  Here, 2a – 1 = 2(10) – 1 = 19

  2a – 3 = 2(10) – 3 = 17

  2a – 5 = 2(10) – 5 = 15

  2a – 7 = 2(10) – 7 = 13

  Thus, as the difference between the numbers is 4. 102 – 62 shall be written as the sum of four consecutive odd numbers in reverse order starting from 2a – 1.

  Thus proceeding, this may be generalized as,

  “a2 – b2shall be found by adding the (a – b) consecutive odd numbers starting from 2a – 1 in reverse order”

  Finding the first number of each column

  Let us check the number pattern followed by the first numbers of each column. From Table 1. the first numbers of each column are: 3. 8. 15. 24 …

  Let us find the difference between elements of this sequence.

  The difference between two consecutive terms of this sequence is 5. 7. 9 …

  i.e. D2 – D1 = 8 – 3 = 5; D3 – D2 = 7; D4 – D3 = 9 and so on.

  As D2 represents the difference between two alternate natural numbers, (say a and b) which implies that the difference between a and b is 2.

  Now, 5 = 2 (2) +1

  i.e. 2 times of the difference between the numbers + 1

  In the same idea, D3 – D2 = 15 – 8 = 7

  As D3 represents the difference between squares of the 4th and 1st natural numbers, (say a and b) which implies that the difference between a and b is 3.

  Thus, 7 = 2(3) + 1

  This also shows that the difference shall be found by

  = 2 times of the difference between the numbers + 1

  Thus,

  “The first term of the each column shall be found by adding the previous column first term with 2 times of the difference between the numbers + 1”

  Finding the elements row – wise

  The elements of the table shall also be formed in row wise.

  If we check the elements of each row, we can find that they follow a number pattern sequence with some property.

  Let us consider the elements of row when N = 5: 20. 40. 60. 80

  20 = 2 x 5 x 2

  Here, 5 represent the row natural number.

  2 represent the difference between the elements using which the column is formed.

  Thus Row element = 2 x N x difference

  In the same way, 40 = 2 x 5 x 4

  = 2 x N x difference

  Thus, the elements shall be formed by the rule:

  “Row Element = 2 x N x difference”

  This shall be applied for middle rows also.

  For example, let us consider the row between 5 & 6:

  The elements in this intermediate row are: 11. 33. 55. 77. 99

  Here N is the mid value of 5 & 6. i.e. N = 5.5

  Let us consider the elements and apply the above stated rule.

  11 = 2 x N x difference

  = 2 x 5.5 x 1

  In the same way other elements shall also be formed.

  Thus the elements of the table shall be formed in row wise using the stated rule.

  Rhombus Rule Relation

  Let us consider the elements in D2. D3 and D4.

  Consider the elements in the rhombus drawn, 24. 33. 39 and 48

  24 + 48 = 72

  33 + 39 = 72

  Thus the sums of the elements in the opposite corners are equal.

  The other column elements also prove the same.

  Thus, Rhombus Rule Relation:

  “Sum of the elements the same row of the sequence of alternative columns is equal to the sum of the two elements in the intermediate column”

  Application of the Properties in Finding the Square of a number

  The square of a natural number shall be found by various methods. Here is one of the suggested methods.

  This method uses nearest 10’s and 100’s to find the square of a number.

  This method is also based on the algebraic formula a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)

  If a > b, b2 = a2 – (a2 – b2)

  If b > a, b2 = a2 + (b2 – a2)

  Example: Square of 32

  As we need to find 322. let us assume b = 32.

  The nearest multiple of 10 is 30. Let a = 30

  Here b > a. b2 = a2 + (b2 – a2)

  322 = 302 + (322 – 302)

  Using the Difference – Sum Property,

  322 = 900 + 61 + 63 = 1024

  Example 2: Square of 9972

  Let b = 997

  Nearest multiple 10 is 1000. Let a = 1000

  Here a > b, so b2 = a2 – (a2 – b2)

  9972 = 10002 – (10002 – 9972)

  Using Difference – Sum Property,

  9972 = 1000000 – (1995 + 1997 + 1999)

  = 994009

  Conclusion结论

  Though this method shall be applied to find the difference between squares of any two natural numbers, if the difference is big, it will be cumbersome. Thus, this method shall be used for finding the difference between squares of any two natural numbers where the difference is manageable. The properties shall be used for easy calculation.

  虽然求任意两个自然数的平方和之差都要用这种方法,但如果差大,就很麻烦了。因此,这个方法应使用用于找到任何两个自然数的平方之差,其中的差异是可管理的。属性应使用便于计算。

  This properties and approach shall be introduced in secondary school lower grade levels, to make the students to identify the number patterns. This approach will surely help the students to understand the properties of squares, difference and natural numbers. The new approach will surely help the students in developing their reasoning skills.

  Limitations限制

  As number systems, number patterns and arithmetic operations have wide applications in various fields, the above properties, rules and relations shall be further studied intensively based on the requirements. Thus, new properties and relations shall be identified and discussed with respect to other nations.

  数系、数模和算术运算在各个领域有着广泛的应用,以上性质、规律和关系需要根据要求进一步深入研究。因此,对于其他国家,新的属性和关系将被确定和讨论。

  数学作业相关专业范文素材资料,尽在本网,可以随时查阅参考。本站也提供多国留学生课程作业写作指导服务,如有需要可咨询本平台。


提交代写需求

如果您有论文代写需求,可以通过下面的方式联系我们。