A QUICK GUIDE TO REFERENCE CITATION
The purpose of citing references is to endorse a statement in a paper and to enable the reader to findand refer to those references. It is important therefore that the cited reference should contain 代写留学生论文sufficientbibliographical information for the reader to do this. All too often references are cited incorrectly andinadequately, so that the reference cannot be identified and located, resulting in frustration and wastedtime.
It is important that the author should have read or at least have seen the reference cited. One of themain reasons for references being misquoted is that authors have not read them, but have cited them
‘second-hand’ from other papers.
General Principles
The following minimum details are required:
Journal: Author(s’) name(s) and initials , Full title of paper, Journal name (in full or in standard
abbreviated form, and often in italics), Year, Volume No (often in bold), Inclusive page nos.
Eg. Ricks C. Like ice, like fire: wordplay in Dylan’s songs. Journal of Literary Criticism 1998 5 245-52.
Book: Author(s’) name(s) and initials, Title of Book (often in italics), Edition (if not first), Place of
Publication, Publisher, Year of Publication.
Eg. Ginsberg A. The Poetry of Bob Dylan. New York, NY: Chelsea Hotel Publishers, 1972.
Multi-author Book: Author(s’) name(s) and initials, Title of Chapter or Contribution, Title of Book,
Edition (if not first), Editor(s’) name(s) and initials followed by Ed. or Eds, Place of Publication,
Publisher, Year of Publication, Page numbers of Chapter or Contribution.
Eg. Keats J & Shelley PB. Highway 61 revisited: a post-modernist critique. In: Poets of the Twentieth
Century, 2nd ed. (Kerouac J & Burroughs W, Eds). London: Penguin, 1966, pp. 75-96.
Conference Paper: Author(s’) name(s) and initials, Title of paper or abstract, Title of Conference ,
Location and Date of Conference, Name(s) of Editor(s), Place of Publication, Publisher, Date of
Publication, Page numbers of paper or abstract.
Eg. Silver K. Electronic mail: a new way to communicate. In: 9th International Online Meeting, London,
3-5 December 1988 (Raitt D, Ed.). Oxford: Learned Information, 1989, pp. 323-41.
Two of the most well-known and widely-used referencing styles are the Harvard style and the
Vancouver style (used by Index Medicus, the Lancet and BMJ). Some examples are given below of
both these styles:
Harvard Style
Journal: Howells, W.W. 1966. Population distances: biological and environmental. Current
Anthropology, 7, 531-540.
Book: White, R., 1988. Advertising: what it is and how to do it. 2nd ed. London: McGraw Hill.
Chapter in a Book: Wright, P., 1986. Reactions to an Ads contents versus judgements of Ads impact.
In: J. Olsen and K.Sentis, eds. Advertising and consumer psychology. Vol. 3. New York: Praeger, 1986,
108-117.
Conference Paper: Greco, A.J. and Swayne, L.D., 1992. Sales response of elderly customers. In:
D.I.Raitt, ed. 10th International Advertising Conference, San Francisco, CA, 7th-10th May 1991. Austin,
TX: DeMello Publishing, 217-232.
Government Publication: Department of Health [UK], 1997. Our Healthier Nation. London: Stationery
Office.
Vancouver Style
Journal: Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with increased risk for
pancreato-biliary disease. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 980-3 (Note abbreviated journal title).
Book: Ringsven MK, Bond D. Gerontology and leadership skills for nurses. 2nd ed. Albany (NY):
Delmar Publishers; 1996
Chapter in a Book: Philips SJ, Whisnant JP. Hypertension and stroke. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM,
editors. Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press;
1995. P. 465-78.
Conference Paper: Bengtsson S, Solheim BG. Enforcement of data protection. In: Lun KC, Piemme
TE, editors. MEDINFO 92. Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics; 1992 Sep 6-
10; Geneva, Switzerland. Amsterdam: North-Holland; 1992. P. 1561-5.
Citing Internet Web Pages
It is important to cite the URL (or address) of the page you are citing together with the date you
accessed it; web pages are often changed or updated. Some examples are:
Electronic journal: Korb, K.B., 1995. Persons and things. Psycholoquy [online], 6 (15). Available from:
/http://www.psychol.com/psycoloquy/95.V6/0162. [Accessed 17th June 1996].
Discussion List: Brack, E.V., 2nd May 1997. Re: Computing short courses. Lis-Link [online]. Available
from: mailbase@mailbase.ac.uk [Accessed 3rd June 1998].
References & Sources
1. World Health Organization. WHO Style Guide. Geneva: WHO, 2004. Available from:
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2004/WHO_IMD_PUB_04.1.pdf
2. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform requirements for manuscripts
submitted to biomedical journals. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:36-47. [Comprehensive description of
the Vancouver style]
3. [Guide to the Harvard System] – Available from:
/http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/harvard_system.html
4. List of Journals Indexed in Index Medicus. Published annually with Index Medicus. [Useful for
standard medical journal abbreviations ; See also Journals Database in Pubmed ]
5. Chicago Editorial Staff. Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press,
1992. [Available on the Reference shelves in the Library e.AHAZ – opposite the Enquiries Desk]
File: ref_citation